Northwest Semitic Amuletic Inscriptions and the Background of Yahweh as Guardian and Protector in the Biblical Literature

In 1979 two inscribed silver amulets were discovered in a tomb repository just outside of Jerusalem at Ketef Hinnom. Both amulets contain citations of the biblical Priestly Blessing along with several other lines of texts affirming that Yahweh will provide protection against evil. Since the publication of the amulets scholars have drawn attention to their possible relationship to later Jewish mezuzot and tefillin. Surprisingly little attention, however, has been given to their relationship to other Northwest Semitic inscribed amulets. The following paper compares the Ketef Hinnom amulets to several Phoenician and Punic amuletic inscriptions. Such a comparison reveals that the Ketef Hinnom amulets inscriptions bear certain lexical similarities to the Phoenician and Punic amuletic inscriptions. The lexical similarities between the inscribed amulets demonstrate that the language of the Priestly Blessing found on the Ketef Hinnom amulets stands in relation to a larger body of inscribed imprecations utilized in apotropaic magic. Moreover, certain lexical similarities can be found between the amuletic inscriptions and several Psalms petitioning Yahweh for protection against evil. These similarities suggest that the image of Yahweh as guardian and protector in certain biblical texts may have its origin in certain apotropaic rites such as amuletic magic.