“Lord Lord!” Jesus’ Use of the Divine Name in the Synoptics

It has long been established in New Testament studies that Jesus does not directly claim divinity in the Synoptic Gospels, only doing so in John. Some recent works have argued that the Synoptics do in fact present Jesus as divine, but these studies have continued to run into the problem of Jesus making no clear and direct claim to divinity in the Synoptics. This paper examines the “Lord Lord” sayings in Matt 7:21–22, 25:11, and Luke 6:46, arguing that the double "kurios" in these passages in fact reflects Jesus’ self-referential use of the divine name, serving as the Greek equivalent for the "adonai YHWH" formula so often used in the Hebrew Bible. Because adonai was used as a circumlocution for YHWH, this formula was read “adonai adonai” and was often translated into the LXX as "kurios kurios," most notably in LXX Ezekiel, where "kurios kurios" says that he himself will come down as a shepherd, restoring Israel and Judah (Ezek 34–36), passages that will also receive some attention in the paper. The paper shows that the double use of kurios is unknown in Greek literature outside the LXX’s translation of adonai YHWH, suggesting that these Gospel passages would ring in the ears of hearers familiar with the Greek Bible (or even its Hebrew Vorlage). Because modern translations avoid such repetitions in translating the Hebrew Bible and most New Testament scholars do not often read Old Testament texts in their ancient languages, the once-plain echo has been obscured by the deafness of the modern audience, which has not had “ears to hear” Jesus’ use of divine name in the Synoptic Gospels.