A Bodyguard of Lies: Deception in Samuel-Kings

The subject of biblical deception is often approached with contempt. Specific acts of deceit committed by the venerated characters of the Bible are usually studied in order to assign blame or to give an ethical or moral evaluation. This paper is an attempt to approach biblical deception in a new way by using the discipline of psychology and more specifically the theories of deception-detection recently published by Tim Levine (Truth-Default Theory [TDT]) and Steven McCornack (Information Manipulation Theory [IMT2]). Unlike other prominent theories, the value in these theories is not the ability to passively observe a lie, but to actively promote diagnostic information. Levine and McCornack believe that before an act of deception can be detected and analyzed, one must take the proper steps to maximize the contextual information in order to properly assess both deceit and honesty. This assessment then allows one to focus less on the deceptive act itself and more on why that character would need to deceive. If a person’s motive will be thwarted by the truth or if honesty would be counterproductive to his or her goal obtainment then it is the information itself as well as the person’s ultimate goal that becomes the focus. This shift in concentration enables the technique of psychological deception-detection to become a system of biblical information-detection where one is able to place more emphasis on the content and context of the deception rather than on the act itself. The reader is then able to determine if and when sensitive information is consistently hidden by characters and if there are patterns of hostility towards such information. In this way, deception becomes subservient to “ultimate truths.” Instead of showing contempt towards acts of deceit committed by the venerated characters, the reader instead makes an allowance for deception when characters contain such precious information or when they encounter such hostile environments. There are 45 acts of deceit in the books of Samuel-Kings. An application of TDT and IMT2 to these instances reveals that a specific piece of information that is always hidden by the characters is that which pertains to the act of anointing. Whenever someone is anointed in the books of Samuel-Kings, readers should not only be aware of deception…they should expect it. Characters in these scenes are no longer judged based upon their act of deceit, but rather on how truthful they were to this overarching principle. When one recognizes that the issue of anointing must be protected by a bodyguard of lies, one further understands why the character of David uses the same means to protect the image of the Lord’s Anointed and why the character of Yhwh will do no less to protect his anointed one.