"I Pour out My Soul within Me" (Ps 42:4): Khirbet Qeiyafa, Libations, and the Power of Ritual

The discovery of two unique IA IIA libation vessels found in a cultic context at Khirbet Qeiyafa, Israel, invites careful consideration of the function and role of libations within the larger ritual and cultic complex of Israelite religion. Textual, iconographic, as well as archaeological data underline the importance of libations in the ancient Near East. In biblical texts libations often seem to have functioned as “envelopes,” highlighting the larger ritual complex. They may assume in a symbolic way the role of sacrifices when a specific cultic space (such as a sanctuary or a temple) was not available. The unique twin-cup shape of the Khirbet Qeiyafa libation vessels invites the researcher to reflect on specific dimensions of libations—both at Qeiyafa and in the larger context of Israelite religion. The discovery may provide a helpful corrective in the discussion of continuum of Israelite religion, including also key categories such as public vs. private (or personal) or official vs. folk religion.