Stages in the Funerary Rituals for Caligula’s Sister Drusilla in Alexandria in 38CE

A series of studies have argued that the attacks on the Judean community in Alexandria in 38 CE erupted during the city's funerary ceremonies for Caligula's sister Drusilla. The Alexandrian rituals were concentrated in a iustitium. This was a highly restrictive state of public emergency that symbolized the central role of the imperial household in the security of Rome. Drusilla had died in Rome on June 10. The iustitium for Drusilla in Alexandria probably lasted for nine days beginning in the first couple weeks of July. In this view, the Alexandrian crowds tried to install images of Drusilla and other members of the imperial household in the city's synagogues during the initial phase of her iustitium. The city's Judeans violently resisted. In doing so they treasonously violated the imperial family and the "glory" (maiestas) of Rome. Troops commanded by the Roman prefect Flaccus quickly restored order. After the iustitium ended, Flaccus issued an edict announcing the punishment for the Judean crimes. The subsequent violence was the official implementation of his edict. It was orchestrated by Flaccus in his role as agent of the Roman order. This paper adds cogency to this hypothesis by reconstructing what is likely to have occurred at each stage in the short sequence of events from Drusilla's death in Rome to the funerary oration of Flaccus in the theater, which probably occurred at the very beginning of the iustitium in Alexandria. It was this speech that most likely set in motion the subsequent tragedy by inciting the initial effort of the crowds to install images of the imperial family in the synagogues of Alexandria. Most of the focus will be on the rituals of the iustitium itself as they were implemented in the Alexandrian context. The overwhelming significance, scale, and dynamics these rituals leave no doubt about whether the mourning rituals for Drusilla played a decisive role in the start of the violence. If anything, combined with previous studies, the evidence assembled in this paper should make one wonder how they could not have played such a role.